For many of the working poor, the implicit marginal tax rate is greater than 100 percent. The long-run consequence of undermining the positive incentive to work is, of course, the creation of an underclass acclimated to not working; the supplement of cash and noncash benefits with income from crime and the underground economy; and the government resorting to negative incentives such as mandatory work programs.
Below, I show the relationship between earned income and after-tax income plus subsidies for a hypothetical Virginia family of three, consisting of one adult and two minor children. As you can see, the relationship is essentially flat from $0 to about $40,000 in earned income.
To see exactly what is happening, I developed the following chart. It shows the implicit tax paid on the last $10,000 of earned income (initially by comparison to the welfare grant and then by comparison to income less taxes plus subsidies).
At A, the marginal tax rate is quite high, essentially because of the generosity of the package of cash and noncash benefits provided to those on welfare. At B, the marginal tax rate is relatively low (!) because of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). From B to D, we (or, rather, the working poor) are in the Dead Zone, with implicit marginal tax rates mostly exceeding 100 percent.
How stupid and evil must our elected representatives be to do this to the working poor! Actually, this being a democracy, there is nobody to blame but the electorate. Especially the left-liberal do-gooders. Since Milton Friedman developed the negative income tax, waaay back in the 1950s, there can be no excuse for any educated person to not be aware of the fact that taxes and means-tested benefits destroy the lower classes' positive incentive to work.
At C, the implicit marginal tax rate is momentarily "only" 75 percent. This is because, in the face of losing other means-tested benefits while the federal income tax kicks in, the children of the household still qualify for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). The lull in the onslaught is momentary, however, ending as soon as that prop is removed from the household.
At D, the family is finally done with jumping through the hoops to qualify and remain qualified for the give-away programs. Now all it has to concern itself with is paying taxes. But there is no rest for the weary because, at E, the child tax credit phases out.
In the above scenario, I describe the effects of the tax and subsidy programs of the government with respect to a hypothetical family of three, consisting of one adult and two minors, with a focus on the working poor. I could just as well have talked of a middle-class family with one or more children of college age, and how means-tested financial aid programs such as the Pell Grant and federally subsidized loans make fools of those who save for college; or how Medicaid's rules for nursing-home eligibility make those who save for retirement into fools; or how bringing back the pre-Reagan tax rates will make utter fools of families in which the wife and husband both work.
Everywhere, the government's desire (meaning the left-liberal do-gooders' desire) to be generous to the poor is destroying the positive incentives to work and to save that are so necessary for a well-functioning economy. What they have done to Detroit, and are doing to New Jersey, they will do to the entire country.
Chief Justice Marshall said, in McCulloch versus Maryland, "The power to tax is the power to destroy." At the time, he was talking about state taxation of the federally chartered Bank of the United States. He didn't want the states to destroy the instrumentalities of the federal government or even the federal government itself through the power to tax. When will we have a Supreme Court that forbids the federal government from using the power of taxation to destroy our entire country?
Technical Notes Regarding Figures 1 and 2
Taxes
Social Security
Social Security tax is 7.65 percent of income up to a maximum of $108,000. I ignore the amounts paid by employers and the self-employed.
Federal Income Tax
The federal income tax ranges from 10 percent on taxable income up to $11,950 to 35 percent on taxable income above $372,950.
Taxable income is calculated as income less personal exemptions ($3,650 per person, phased out for households with incomes ranging from $208,500 to $331,500) and the standard deduction ($8,350).
The household is assumed to qualify for the child tax credit of up to $1,000 for each of its two children. (This credit phases out for households with incomes ranging from $75,000 to $95,000.)
State Income Tax
The Virginia state income tax is simply calculated as 5 percent of income. This ignores the minor effects of the Virginia personal deduction, the standard deduction, and the initial brackets in which one pays less than 5 percent tax.
Subsidies
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
The EITC provides a maximum annual benefit of $5,028. For qualifying households, the amount rises ("phases in") with earned income up to $12,570, is level ("plateaus") from there to $16,420, and falls ("phases out") from there to $40,295.
Food Stamps
Food stamps provide a maximum monthly benefit of $526. For qualifying households, the amount phases out between a monthly income of about $850 and a monthly income of about $2,450.
Medicaid/SCHIP
Medicaid eligibility varies by state. I assume households are eligible if their income is less than 133 percent of the federal poverty line. If one is eligible, this program covers all medical expenses. I assume the value of Medicaid coverage is $9,000.
If a household is not eligible for Medicaid, members of it may still be eligible for SCHIP. I assume that the children are eligible if household income is less than 200 percent of the federal poverty line, and that the value of this coverage is $6,000.
"How stupid and evil must our elected representatives be to do this to the working poor!"For low-income families, being covered by Medicaid or SCHIP means workers can look for employment that emphasizes cash wages at the expense of employer-subsidized health insurance.
Section 8 Housing
Section 8 housing subsidies cover qualifying rent and utility expenses in excess of 30 percent of household income.
For low-income families, qualifying for section 8 housing means the household can look for housing comparable to what moderate-income families can afford.
Cash Assistance
Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF), the successor to AFDC, is assumed to provide qualifying households with a cash grant of $395 per month.
